So does screen brightness affect your eyes? Absolutely. Rather, overexposure to a bright screen causes us to experience something termed digital eye strain (DES) which manifests itself as headaches, blurred vision and reddened strained eyes.
To be clear, blue light emitted by devices such as laptops and mobile phone screens is not high intensity, and so does not represent a biohazard even after long term viewing. Of all visible light, blue light has the shortest wavelength and so carries the greatest energy levels and exposure to very high intensity blue light can even cause damage to photoreceptive retinal cells in your eye, over time making them become less responsive.